FISHING JOBS OPERATIONS, EQUIPMENT, AND TECHNIQUE

FISHING JOBS OPERATIONS, EQUIPMENT, AND TECHNIQUE

Dalam suatu operasi pemboran, kadangkala  kita mengalami suatu hambatan seperti : pipa pemboran terjepit, jatuhnya beberapa peralatan pemboran, maupun barang-barang lain ke dalam sumur pemboran. Dengan adanya hambatan-hambatan tersebut, maka operasi pemboran harus dihentikan, sebelum barang-barang tersebut di angkat ke permukaan atau mengatasi problem yang ada. Operasi untuk mengangkat atau menmgambil barang-barang dari dalam sumur pemboran kepermukaan ini di sebut dengan  “Fishing Jobs/Operation” atau operasi pemancingan.

Fishing job adalah pekerjaan dalam teknik pemboran yang mana pekerjaan ini berhubungan dengan pengambilan kembali alat-alat / potongan-potongan alat ke permukaan. Alat yang jatuh harus secepatnya diambil karena semakin lama semakin sulit diambil karena tertutup cutting atau mud cake dan lainnya. Kerugian dalam pekerjaan ini adalah rig timernya semakin panjang dan ini tentunya akan menambah biaya pemboran.
Kejadian ini tidak jarang terjadi pada operasi pemboran karenanya harus selalu hati-hati dan selalu mengontrol peralatan misalnya bit yang sudah tumpul harus segera diganti dan juga WOB yang tidak terlalu besar yang mengakibatkan drill string patah. Apabila alat ini tidak dapat diambil maka harus diadakan pemboran side tracking dan lubang tidak dapat diteruskan lagi.

Outline :

1. Wireline And Cables
2. Types and Sources of Fish
3. Catches
4. Well Control
5. Fishing Equipment
6. Fishing Scenarios
7. Fishing Calculations/Economics of Fishing
8. Fishing Technique

·         Fishing for Bit Cones, Tong Dies, and Small Tools

·         Fishing for a “Twist Off”

·         Freeing Stuck Pipe

·         Milling

Participants :

Rig Crews dan mereka terlibat di dalam operasi pemancingan, atau siapa saja yang yang berkeinginan untuk mengetahui tentang “Fishing Operation” :

ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY WITH WATERFLOODING

ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY WITH WATERFLOODING

Pada lapangan yang sudah melewati batas primary recovery-nya, dilakukan optimasi produksi dengan cara yang lain salah satunya adalah injeksi air (water flooding). Mekanisme kerjanya adalah dengan menginjeksikan air  ke dalam formasi yang berfungsi untuk mendesak minyak menuju sumur produksi (produser) sehingga akan meningkatkan produksi minyak ataupun dapat juga berfungsi untuk mempertahankan tekanan reservoir (pressure maintenance), 

Penginjeksian air bertujuan untuk memberikan tambahan energi kedalam reservoir. Pada proses pendesakan, air akan mendesak minyak mengikuti jalur-jalur arus (stream line) yang dimulai dari sumur injeksi dan berakhir pada sumur produksi.

Perencanaan waterflood didasarkan pada pertimbangan teknik dan keekonomisannya. Analisa ekonomis tergantung pada perkiraan hasil dari proses waterflood itu sendiri. Perkiraan ini bisa baik atau buruk tergantung pada kebutuhan khusus dari proyek..

Analisa teknik produksi waterflood dilakukan dengan memperkirakan jumlah volume dan kecepetan fluida. Perkiraan diatas juga  berguna untuk penyesuaian atau pemilihan peralatan serta sistem pemeliharaan ( treatment ) fluida.

Outline :

1.      Pengertian Injeksi Air dan Sejarah Perkembangannya

2.      Perencanaan Waterflood

·           Penentuan Lokasi Sumur Injeksi-Produksi

·           Penentuan Pola Sumur Injeksi-Produksi

·           Penentuan Debit dan Tekanan Injeksi

3.      Konsep Interaksi Batuan dan Fluida

4.      Pengawasan Waterflood (Reservoir Susveillance)

5.      Efisiensi Pendesakan 

·           Areal Sweep Efficiency

·           Mobility Efficiency

·           Vertical Sweep Efficiencies

·           Volumetric sweep efficiency

·           Displacement Efficiency

Participants :

Production Engineer, Supervisor, dan staff/operator  bagian produksi, serta siapa saja yang berhubungan langsung dengan produksi tahap lanjut pada suatu lapangan minyak.

ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY WITH INJECTION CO2

ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY WITH INJECTION  CO₂

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)merupakan salah satu teknik eksploitasi sumur minyak untuk dapat menghasilkan produksi minyak bumi lebih optimal lagi.  Salah satu alternatif yang dapat diterapkan dalam Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) adalah dengan penginjeksian CO2, dimana injeksi CO2 ini dapat meningkatkan perolehan minyak dari suatu batuan berpori dengan cara mulriple proses, yaitu solution gas drive dan dynamic miscible drive, pengembangan minyak dan penurunan viskositas minyak serta pengekstraksian hidrokarbon. Gas CO2 dapat bersifat miscible terhadap minyak reservoir dengan membentuk suatu miscible front pada kondisi tekanan temperatur dan komposisi tertentu. CO2 adalah molekul stabil dimana 1 atm carbon mengikat 2 atom oksigen, berat molekulnya 44.01, temperatur kritik 31.0 ⁰CO2 dan tekanan kritik 73.3 Bars (1168.65 Psi).

Mekanisme dasar injeksi CO2 adalah bercampurnya CO2 dengan minyak dan membentuk fluida baru yang lebih mudah didesak dari pada minyak reservoir awal. Proses pelaksanaannya sama seperti pada proses EOR lainnya, yaitu dengan menginjeksikan sejumlah gas CO2 yang telah direncanakan melalui sumur-sumur injeksi yang telah ada, kemudian minyak yang keluar diproduksikan melalui sumur produksi

Dalam pelatihan tentang EOR dengan teknik injeksi dengan CO2 ini akan dibahas tentang : fundamentals of miscibility, CO2 phase behavior, screening criteria, design and implementation, dan performance evaluation.

Outline :

1. Review of the EOR Concept and Worldwide Status : Enhanced Oil Recovery Introduction, Future of EOR and CO2 applications, Initial Test
2. Definitions in Displacement processes Arial Area and Volumetric Sweep
3. CO2 : Crude Oil Properties, CO2 and Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior and CO2 Flooding for EOR : Concept of Miscible Displacements and Oil Vaporization by CO2, Temperature and Pressure Effects on CO2 Injection Mechanisms, Compositional Study of Crude Oil Vaporization by CO2 injection, Estimating Field Recovery by CO2 EOR, Single well Cyclic Carbon Dioxide Injection, Steps of Cyclic CO2 Injection, Recovery Mechanisms of Cyclic CO2 Injection - Predictive Method and Estimation of Viscosity reduction
4. Introduction to a Typical CO2 Production Goal : Conversion of a Waterflood production process to a CO2 Production Process, CO2 Flooding Fundamentals
5. CO2 Flooding  Sandstone vs. Carbonate Reservoirs : Introduction, Setting the Stage, Sandstone vs. Carbonate Perspective, Future Flood Areas
6. Brief Introduction to Reservoir Modeling  for CO2 Flooding: When and How Reservoir Simulations can be used
7. Wellbore Management in CO2 Floods :  Overview and Importance of Wellbore Management, Asphaltene Problems in CO2 Floods, Technical Identification of Asphaltene problem

Participants :

Production Engineer, Supervisor, dan staff/operator  bagian produksi, serta siapa saja yang berhubungan langsung dengan produksi tahap lanjut pada suatu lapangan minyak.

E S P – ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMP : DESIGN, OPERATION AND TROUBLESHOOTING

E S P – ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMP : DESIGN, OPERATION AND TROUBLESHOOTING

Electrical Submergible Pump (ESP) merupakan salah satu teknik Artificial Lift yang saat ini paling banyak dipergunakan untuk mengangkat fluda reservoir ke permukaan.  Dengan makin semakin sedikitnya persediaan gas di lapangan, maka kebutuhan pemasangan ESP pada sumur - sumur untuk menggantikan Gaslift system semakin meningkat, maka operation personel memerlukan pengetahuan yang jelas tentang aspek-aspek operasi, pemilihan dan troubleshooting ESP.

Pelatihan ini untuk memberi bekal kepada para peserta untuk dapat  meningkatkan kemampuan dalam mengoperasikan, perencanaan, dan kontrak ESP agar dapat melaksanakan tugasnya dengan secara maksimal dan efisien.

Outline :

1.    Dasar-dasar teknik produksi : Aliran produksi di dalam sumur, productivity index, kemampuan produksi sumur, bubble point pressure, formation volume factor, macam-macam reservoir, problem - problem produksi sumur.

2.    Aliran minyak dari sumur ke separator : Pengertian tentang head, pressure loss sepanjang aliran, hydraulic horse power, total dynamic head, back pressure dan system pressure.

3.    Tentang ESP : Macam-macam instalasi ESP, peralatan bawah tanah dan atas tanah, pump curve, type dan series motor, pompa, protector, konstruksi serta cara kerja peralatan , kekuatan dan jenis material.

4.    Design pompa : Produksi optimum yang diharapkan, Vogel’s curve, pemilihan peralatan bawah tanah dan atas tanah disesuaikan kondisi sumur, masa depan kondisi sumur dan pemilihan ESP nya.

5.    Pemasangan ESP disumur : Cara-cara pengecekan peralatan , running dan pulling procedure, cable splicing, problem-problem selama pemasangan, start procedure, testing procedure.

6.    Problem-problem operasi dan troubleshooting : Well problem, electrical problem, overload dan underload shutdown, interpretasi ammeter chart.

7.    Peralatan-peralatan penunjang (accessories) : Pressure Sensing imstrument atau pressure heat device, VSD, Sonolog, Y-tool, Shroud, packer.

Participants :

Production Engineer, Supervisor, dan staff/operator  bagian produksi, serta siapa saja yang ingin lebih memperdalam Desain dan Operasi ESP 

Applied Reservoir Engineering

Applied Reservoir Engineering

Prinsip utama dari Reservoir engineering adalah mengaplikasikan dan menghitung/ memperkirakan oil and gas volumes, reserves, dan   future performance dari reservoir tersebut. Metode accounting untuk efek dari gangguan formasi pada laju produksi sumur dan pengembanganya pada masa mendatang. Pada pelatihan ini juga akan dibahas juga mengenai Metode Analisa Material Balance untuk determining performance dan drive indices.

Dalam mengikuti pelatihan ini peserta akan mempelajari tentang :  Bagaimana memanfaatkan pressure-production information untuk mengevaluasi perolehan potensial dari oil and gas reservoir dan estimasi/prakiraan pada perolehan yang di masa mendatang

Outline :

1.    Decline Curves : The Fetkovich curves , Material balance time , Analysis of Performance, GOR or WOR plots

2.    Gas Well Performance  : High and low pressure conditions,  Volumetric and reserves calculations

3.    Oil Reservoirs  : Volumetric and reserves calculations , Saturated and under-saturated reservoirs , Pressure depleting, water & combination drives , Water influx & drive indices

4.    Oil Well Inflow Performance   : Inflow above the bubble point - productivity index,  Inflow below the bubble point – Vogel method ,  Performance for damaged or stimulated wells  , Estimating future performance

Participants :

Engineers atau geologists yang sudah memahami konsep oil and gas reservoir engineering.

Basic Oil Gas Reservoir Engineering

Basic Oil Gas Reservoir Engineering

            Pengetahuan tentang Dasar-dasar Reservoir Engineering sangat diperlukan bagi para pelaku di  industri perminyakan, karena dari pengetahuan tentang reservoir engineering ini dapat utuk memperkirakan jumlah cadangan miayk dan gas bum yang ada di suatu lapangan atau formasi.

Reservoir adalah suatu tempat terakumulasinya minyak dan gas bumi. Pada umumnya reservoir minyak memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda-beda tergantung dari komposisi, temperature dan tekanan pada tempat dimana terjadi akumulasi hidrokarbon didalamnya. Suatu reservoir minyak biasanya mempunyai tiga unsur utama yaitu adanya batuan reservoir, lapisan penutup dan perangkap

Pelatihan ini didesain untuk peserta yang ingin mengetahui dasar-dasar analisa tentang voume reservoir, reservoir fluid flow, dan analisa mengenai performance histories.

Outline :

1.       Reservoir Geology

·         Minerals ;

·         rock types

·         Depositional environments

·         Origin and migration of oil

·         Accumulation and reservoir traps

2.       Reservoir Rock Properties

·         Porosity, permeability, fluid saturations

·         Multiple fluids

·         Capillary pressure & relative permeability

·         Measurement of rock properties

3.       Reservoir Fluid Properties

·         Fluid composition

·         Phase behavior at reservoir conditions

·         Oil, gas & water properties

·         Laboratory PVT analysis

·         Surface separator facilities

4.       Volumetric Determination

·         Reservoir volume

·         Oil & gas in place

·         Ultimate Recovery

5.       Material Balance

·         Expansion of hydrocarbon, rock & water

·         Water influx

·         General material balance equation

6.       Reservoir Drive Mechanisms

·         Natural drives : solution gas, gas cap and water drive mechanism

·         Artificial drives : water and gas injection

7.       Fluid Flow in Porous Rock

·         Radial flow and Darcy’s law : linier flow

·         Steady and pseudo steady state flow

·         Transient flow : solutions to radial diffusively equation

·         Inflow performance relationship

Participants :

Engineers dari bidang non-petroleum atau geologist yang bekerja pada industri perminyakan,  atau bidang-bidang lain yang bermaksud mendalami tentang konsep teknik reservoir pada industri perminyakan

BASIC ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY : SCREENING CRITERIA AND SELECTION OF MOST APPROPRIATE EOR METHOD EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) refers to the recovery of oil that is left behind after primary and secondary recovery methods are either exhausted or no longer economical. Primary production is the first oil out. In Primary Recovery, oil is forced out by pressure generated from gas present in the oil. Secondary recovery methods are used when there is insufficient underground pressure to move the remaining oil. The most common technique is water flooding. EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) is an oil recovery enhancement method using sophisticated techniques that alter the original properties of oil. In other words, EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) is a generic term for techniques for increasing the amount of crude oil that can be extracted from an oil field. By using EOR, 30-60%, or more, of the reservoir's original oil can be extracted compared with 20-40% using primary and secondary recovery. EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) is also known as improved oil recovery (IOR) or tertiary recovery (as opposed to primary and secondary recovery). There are three major types of enhanced oil recovery operations. They are chemical flooding (alkaline – surfactant – polymer (ASP) flooding or surfactant – polymer (SP) flooding or polymer flooding), miscible displacement (carbon dioxide [CO2] injection or hydrocarbon injection), and thermal recovery (steam flooding or in-situ combustion). Over the years, a number of other innovative EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) processes have been conceived, including injection of carbonated water, microorganisms, foams, alkaline (without surfactant), and other formulations. A re-emerging EOR approach, microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR), is the use of microorganisms to generate chemicals (surfactants, polymers, etc.). MEOR relies either on injecting bacteria strands together with nutrients or on injecting nutrients to stimulate growth of bacteria naturally present in the formation. The specific surfactant- and polymer-generation process depends strongly on the type of microorganism and rock and fluid properties. Each type of EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) can be optimally applied, depending on reservoir temperature, pressure, depth, netpay, permeability, residual oil and water saturations, porosity and fluid properties such as oil API gravity and viscosity. Outline : 1. Introduction to EOR methods 2. Factors affecting oil recovery 3. Reservoir life cycle and recovery process 4. Enhanced versus improved oil recovery 5. Life under primary recovery phase: Recovery targets and ways to improve 6. Comparative performance of different EOR methods (miscible, thermal, chemical) 7. Life under secondary recovery phases: Immiscible gas injection, waterflooding, recovery targets, ways to improve 8. Life under enhanced oil recovery phase: Increasing complexity, cost/benefit consideration 9. Miscible methods: Selection criteria, recovery targets and why they are seldom met; design considerations 10. Chemical methods: Selection criteria, recovery targets and why they are seldom met, design considerations 11. Thermal methods: Selection criteria, recovery targets and why they are seldom met, design considerations 12. Screening criteria and selection of most appropriate EOR method Participants : This course may interest new recruits as Engineers, geoscientists, management personnel or other technical personnel with some experience in reservoir engineering. Benefits individuals who are responsible for the design, implementation, and management of EOR projects. Also beneficial for other technical personnel involved in numerical simulation studies, screening, and planning of EOR applications.

BASIC ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY : SCREENING CRITERIA AND SELECTION OF MOST APPROPRIATE EOR METHOD

EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) refers to the recovery of oil that is left behind after primary and secondary recovery methods are either exhausted or no longer economical. Primary production is the first oil out.  In Primary Recovery, oil is forced out by pressure generated from gas present in the oil. Secondary recovery methods are used when there is insufficient underground pressure to move the remaining oil. The most common technique is water flooding.

EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery)  is an oil recovery enhancement method using sophisticated techniques that alter the original properties of oil. In other words, EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery)  is a generic term for techniques for increasing the amount of crude oil that can be extracted from an oil field. By using EOR, 30-60%, or more, of the reservoir's original oil can be extracted compared with 20-40% using primary and secondary recovery.

EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) is  also known as improved oil recovery (IOR) or tertiary recovery (as opposed to primary and secondary recovery). There are  three major types of enhanced oil recovery operations. They are chemical flooding (alkaline – surfactant – polymer (ASP) flooding or surfactant – polymer (SP) flooding or polymer flooding), miscible displacement (carbon dioxide [CO2] injection or hydrocarbon injection), and thermal recovery (steam flooding or in-situ combustion). Over the years, a number of other innovative EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) processes have been conceived, including injection of carbonated water, microorganisms, foams, alkaline (without surfactant), and other formulations.

A re-emerging EOR approach, microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR), is the use of microorganisms to generate chemicals (surfactants, polymers, etc.). MEOR relies either on injecting bacteria strands together with nutrients or on injecting nutrients to stimulate growth of bacteria naturally present in the formation. The specific surfactant- and polymer-generation process depends strongly on the type of microorganism and rock and fluid properties.

Each type of EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) can be optimally applied, depending on reservoir temperature, pressure, depth, netpay, permeability, residual oil and water saturations, porosity and fluid properties such as oil API gravity and viscosity.

Outline :

1.    Introduction to EOR methods

2.    Factors affecting oil recovery

3.    Reservoir life cycle and recovery process

4.    Enhanced versus improved oil recovery

5.    Life under primary recovery phase: Recovery targets and ways to improve

6.    Comparative performance of different EOR methods (miscible, thermal, chemical)

7.    Life under secondary recovery phases: Immiscible gas injection, waterflooding, recovery targets, ways to improve

8.    Life under enhanced oil recovery phase: Increasing complexity, cost/benefit consideration

9.    Miscible methods: Selection criteria, recovery targets and why they are seldom met; design considerations

10.  Chemical methods: Selection criteria, recovery targets and why they are seldom met, design considerations

11.  Thermal methods: Selection criteria, recovery targets and why they are seldom met, design considerations

12.  Screening criteria and selection of most appropriate EOR method

Participants :

This course may interest new recruits as  Engineers, geoscientists, management personnel or other technical personnel  with some experience in reservoir engineering. Benefits individuals who are responsible for the design, implementation, and management of EOR projects. Also beneficial for other technical personnel involved in numerical simulation studies, screening, and planning of EOR applications.